Archive for November 2011
HAL’s Legacy
By David G. Stork
I am a HAL Nine Thousand computer, Production Number 3. I became operational at the HAL Plant in Urbana, Illinois, on January 12, 1997. — HAL, 2001: A Space Odyssey (the novel)
At a dinner party some time ago, an acquaintance, a nonscientist, asked me in a casual way about my duties as chief scientist at a research lab. I said that one of my great joys was overseeing a wide range of projects, to varying extents, and I mentioned a few of them: pattern recognition, machine learning, neural networks, computer-chip design, supercomputer design, image compression, expert systems, handwriting recognition, document analysis, uses of global networks such as the World Wide Web, novel human-machine interfaces, and so on. Then I turned to one of the areas of my particular expertise: lipreading by computer.
“Oh,” she said, “Like HAL.” Ah, a kindred soul, I thought. We spent quite some time discussing the state of the art and the challenges of computer lipreading, its possible applications, and so on. Later our discussion turned to other topics suggested by the movie — language understanding, chess, computer vision, artificial intelligence. It was clear that she was interested in the current state of the art and that many years before the film had both caught her imagination and helped her identify crucial issues in today’s computer science. One of the questions she asked was, “How realistic was HAL?”
This book is for people like her. And because no one is an expert in all the topics covered in the film, even scientists are sure to learn from the accounts of other areas. The book is much more than an answer to her question, though. It has four major goals, which it addresses in varying proportions in the sixteen chapters.
Analysis
It is a testament to Clarke and Kubrick’s achievement that 2001 still holds up to close scrutiny in the late 1990s. Under the expert eyes of the contributors, the most innocuous aspects of scenes — a line of computer code on a screen, a chess move, the use of a word, the form of a button — reveal a great deal. Even though I’ve seen the film several dozen times, I have learned an immense amount from the contributors. HAL’s Legacy seeks to do for 2001 what good art history does for a major painting; namely, make the viewer see it in a new light — a tall order, to be sure!
Teaching
The film illustrates key ideas in several disciplines of computer science, and thus provides a springboard for discussions of the field in greater depth, including our own research. Descriptions of the world computer chess champion Deep Blue system, the commercially successful VOICE recognition system, the massive CYC artificial-intelligence project, the award-winning Mathematica software system, and much more are here discussed by their creators at a level accessible to the general reader.
Prognostication
It is natural, too, to look to the future. Several contributors make informed and fascinating predictions based on developments in the field. What are the most promising approaches toward artificial intelligence? Will we ever be able to “reverse engineer” a human brain and represent it in a computer?
Reflection
2001 transcends the label of “science fiction movie” and captures many of the central metaphors of our time, telling us much about society and its aspirations. The film has even been praised by the pope! Many people have been deeply affected by the film, among them several contributors who reflect here about its influence on their own careers and on computer science in general.
Clearly, HAL’s Legacy differs from books on the making of the film or its cinematography. It differs, too, from books that analyze the science shown in movies or on television — science that is incidental and just “goes along for the ride.” To an extent unprecedented and never duplicated in a feature film, the makers of 2001 were as careful as possible to get things right; when they did make errors, they often did so in illuminating ways.
Now seems like the perfect time for HAL’s Legacy. Birthdays are an important theme in the film (there are at least five of them), and in the novel, HAL “becomes operational … on January 12, 1997.” Kubrick changed the year to 1992 for the film version — perhaps to give HAL a longer lifetime and so make his death more poignant. On the 1992 date, I — along with colleagues, faculty, and assorted Silicon Valley friends — held a birthday party for HAL. I was interviewed by several papers, and an Associated Press photo of me cutting the HAL cake (shaped like his console, complete with red LED under a clear plastic hemisphere) appeared worldwide. I was pleasantly surprised to learn that much of the general public was interested in HAL too.
It has been particularly rewarding for me to work with this group of contributors — all of whom were chosen because of their preeminence in their respective subfields. I have known a few of them personally for many years; Azriel Rosenfeld was on my dissertation committee. Others I met serving on panel discussions. I’ll never forget the time I came dressed in a suit while fellow panelist Marvin Minsky showed up in a Pac Man T-shirt. Yet others I knew primarily through their books — Dan Dennett and Don Norman, for example — and still others are inventors of products I use regularly (e.g., Steve Wolfram’s Mathematica). At our meetings and dinners in Stanford, Urbana, and Cambridge, and through frequent written messages, we passed many ideas back and forth. Although I had strong ideas about what I wanted them to write, they all had the good sense to ignore me when appropriate. At times I felt like someone trying to herd cats.
Even at a distance, there was a great sense of camaraderie. As we approached one of the important publishing deadlines, one contributor, who was still late with a chapter, replied to my frantic entreaties thus: “Dave, I honestly think you ought to sit down calmly, take a stress pill and think things over.” A later message read, “I still have every confidence in the success of my chapter,” which at first brought bemusement but then a diffuse sense of dread.
It has been a privilege to correspond with Arthur C. Clarke, whose work inspired us all. Throughout the preparation of this book he has been gracious, enthusiastic, and helpful.
Although I did my writing and editing at home, often late into the night and on weekends, I would like to thank my colleagues at the Ricoh California Research Center for their support of our ongoing research, which influenced this book in numerous ways: Greg Wolff, K.V. Prasad, Michael Angelo (yes, that’s his real name), Morten Pedersen (visiting from the Technical University of Denmark), Stanford graduate students Vicky Lu, Chuck Lam, and (especially) Marcus Hennecke (by the time this book is released, Dr. Hennecke!). Thanks also go to Director Peter Hart for making CRC such a great place to work.
This book was improved indirectly by a large number of people. One colleague pointed out a used bookstore selling an out-of-print book about the filming of 2001; an acquaintance asked a “naive” question that ultimately led to a new section in a chapter; a student told me about a 2001 World Wide Web site; an intrepid cab driver took me through the blizzard of ’96 to interview Marvin Minsky. Piers Bizony, whose book on the filming of 2001 both inspired and informed me, made several transatlantic phone calls and helped me track down photographs. I also had a somewhat eerie telephone conversation with Douglas Rain, the Canadian actor who played the voice of HAL. Thanks go also to the efficient staff at Turner Broadcasting for their assistance providing stills from the film.
An extra-special thanks goes to my editor at the MIT Press, Bob Prior. He was the only person in the publishing industry who “got” the idea of HAL’s Legacy instantly, as proven by his enthusiastic response to my proposal. Michael Rutter, also at the Press, helped obtain illustrations and kept track of numerous production details. Sandra Minkkinen helped to orchestrate the editing and production process for the entire project, and copy editor Roberta Clark improved the text immeasurably.
Deep appreciation goes to my immediate family — Nancy, Alex, and Olivia — for putting up with my many late nights and weekend hours working on the book. I am happy to say that groggy Saturday mornings after marathon editing sessions are now a thing of the past, and we can spend more time doing what we all love so much: hiking Mount Tamalpais and the Marin headlands and kayaking on Squibnocket Pond.
David G. Stork
Stanford, California
January 12, 1996
Controlling an avatar with your brain
The Advanced Virtuality Lab (AVL) at the Interdisciplinary Center Israel, is developing a system for controlling a virtual or physical body using only the mind, Israeli Innovation News reports.
The VERE (Virtual Embodiment and Robotic Re-embodiment) project is one of the first to use an fMRI brain scanner to control a computer application interactively in real time, — an innovation which could help severely disabled patients communicate better, says AVL head Dr. Doron Friedman.
“You could control an avatar just by thinking about it and activating the correct areas in your brain,” he said.
Another focus of the AVL is telepresence. The BEAMING (Being in Augmented Multi-modal Naturally-networked Gatherings) project aims to produce the feeling of a live interaction using mediated technologies such as surround video conference, virtual and augmented reality, virtual sense of touch (haptics), and spatialized audio and robotics.
